Alteração da composição da Matriz Elétrica a fim de mitigar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa.

Abstract

Humanity goes through a period of great transformations. Anthropic activity, mainly in recent years, has been substantially modified the terrestrial environment. Practices which damage the Earth system, such as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, can compromise the terrestrial life. The utilization of non-renewable sources has promoted a significant increase in air pollutant emissions. It supposes that the population, now estimated at more than seven billion, is expected to reach around 10 billion people by 2050 and the global economy to triple in this period, conditions that will lead to large increases in global demand for energy. Due to this continuous and progressive increase in energy consumption, it will be necessary to generate more electricity. Therefore, there is a need of an intense analysis of the anthropic practiced activities. The hypothesis of this work is presented as the alteration of the Electric Matrix composition in order to mitigate the Greenhouse Gas emission. The present work has as objectives to study the projection of GHG emission in the Brazilian Electrical Matrix by the year 2050 using the "Calculadora Brasil 2050" application, to perform a case study of the alteration in the Electric Matrix composition of energy consumed by Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Presidente Epitácio Campus, through a photovoltaic micro power plant and the an energy efficiency program, and finally, to study the global Electrical Matrix composition and its implications on environmental issues through qualitative and quantitative documentary research of applied nature. The Brazilian Electrical Matrix is expected to have an increment in the use of photovoltaic solar energy and in energy efficiency to maintain GHG emissions in the year of 2050 at the same current levels. There was an 8.30% reduction in the consumption of the Electrical Energy (EE) acquired from the distribution network with the installation of the photovoltaic micro power plant, and it occurred a reduction of 51% in the EE consumption for lighting with the implemented energy efficiency program. The institution stopped using 1,386.78 KWh per month from non-renewable sources, which is equivalent to a reduction of 31.8%, proving the alteration in the Electric Matrix consumed by the campus. In the world, countries have a distinct relation between the use of renewable and non-renewable sources for EE generation, implicating in a possibility of classification of these countries in relation to environmental issues by the Environmental Contribution Rate (ECR). The Environmental Balance Time (EBaT) of photovoltaic panels is related to the ECR and the Energy Pay Back Time (EPBT) of the system.