Alimentos funcionais atenuam efeitos tóxicos crônicos do tabagismo passivo em parâmetros fisiológicos, nutricionais e histopatológicos do pulmão de ratos: um estudo aleatorizado e controlado

Abstract

Passive smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable diseases. Functional foods have been suggested as an alternative approach to prevent deleterious effects of numerous chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic supplementation in the diet of chronically exposed rats on cigarette smoke, through nutritional, physiological and histopathological parameters of lung tissue. Ninety-six male rats were randomly grouped into eight groups (n = 12): Control; Smoking Control; Probiotic; Probiotic Smoking; Prebiotic; Prebiotic Tobacco; Symbiotic; Smoking symbiote. The experiment lasted 189 days, with 5 days of adaptation and 184 days experimental to the strategy of handling and exposure to cigarette smoke or forced air ventilation. At 210 days of age, rats were anesthetized, weighed, sacrificed, harvested and weighed lungs and fixed in buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The results of the nutritional and physiological parameters were submitted to the one-way ANOVA test, with Tukey method contrasts and histopathological scores, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple Student-Newman-Keuls comparisons at 5% of significance. The smoking control group differed significantly (P <0.05) from the other groups in all analyzed parameters: weight gain and final weight, water and diet consumption, relative lung and histopathological weight: perivascular inflammation; peripronchial inflammation, parenchymal inflammation, intraparenchymal vascular congestion, intraparenchymal vascular thrombosis, respiratory epithelial proliferation, nodular aggregation, alveolar destruction, emphysematous changes, alveolar macrophages, interstitial deposit containing macrophages and vascular wall thickness. Supplementation of functional foods attenuated the deleterious effects of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke observed in all parameters analyzed. Our results demonstrated that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke caused serious damage to the nutritional, physiological and histopathological parameters of the lungs in the growing phase. Functional food supplementation was beneficial and attenuated the deleterious effects of passive smoking in rats as an experimental model.