Formação de estudantes e profissionais da saúde acerca do tema da violência contra crianças e adolescentes: implantação e verificação da eficácia de um modelo educativo

Abstract

The recognition and denunciation of situations of violence against children and adolescents are fundamental for the referral of the cases to the public power. Health care is often the first possibility for reporting cases, suspected or confirmed, and these procedures are provided for in the codes of ethics of various health professions. However, the training of health professionals is centered on the health-disease binomial, which results in unpreparedness to face situations such as violence against children and adolescents, whose approach is neglected during the graduation years and even in the training courses continued. The objective of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention model, aimed at students and professionals in the health area, capable of assisting them in the identification and referral of cases of violence against children and adolescents. The research was an intervention-type study. A training program composed of 11 sessions on the theme was developed and applied with three groups, called Experimental Groups (EG): 32 undergraduate students of the Medicine College of a private university in the interior of São Paulo (G1); 33 resident doctors of Pediatrics of a tertiary hospital in the interior of São Paulo (G2); 35 professionals working in the primary health care network of a medium-sized municipality (G3). To verify the effectiveness of the program, the Control Groups (CG) were constituted, which presented the same characteristics of the EG, but did not participate in the intervention. To measure the effects of the intervention, a structured questionnaire was used, constructed by the proponents of this investigation. This instrument was submitted to the Validation of Content (VC) process and validated by judges with well-known knowledge in the area in which the research is inserted. The results were analyzed comparing the items of the pre and post-test questionnaires of the three groups separately, as well as contrasted with the indicators obtained in the CG. In all categories of the questionnaire there was no statistical difference between the pre and post test interval in the CG. In the GE, in all dimensions evaluated there was a statistically significant improvement, which shows that the intervention brought changes in the previous conceptions that the participants had on the subject, mainly in the professional performance category, which evidences the scientific validity of the program developed in this search. In addition, when comparing the answers obtained in the questionnaires between the three groups (G1 - Graduates, G2 - Graduate students, G3 - Health professionals) to verify which group an intervention of this nature would be more effective, it was verified that there was a statistical difference between groups, although it is important to highlight that in all groups there were improvements in the conceptions, contacted by the statistical tests used. These data show that the educational model developed can be proposed at different levels of education, either for initial training, at the postgraduate level, or for continuing education actions aimed at health professionals.