Influência do treinamento aeróbico e resistido na síndrome metabólica, desempenho físico, estresse oxidativo e componentes da matriz extracelular muscular: estudo pré clínico

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, can cause muscle changes, oxidative stress (OS), and extracellular matrix (ECM) disorganization, with functional impairments. Physical exercise is indicated as a treatment; however, the most effective modality remains to be defined. Objective: To investigate the impact of two exercise modalities on the components of MS and their influence on skeletal muscle, evaluating OS biomarkers and ECM components. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 40) were distributed into two groups: control diet (C) or high-fat diet (MS) for 20 weeks. After characterization of MS, the animals were redistributed into four groups (n = 10): control (C), sedentary MS (MS), MS + resistance exercise (MS + RE) and MS + aerobic exercise (MS + AE), with an 8-week intervention, 5 days a week. RE: 50/75/90/100%, 4 climbs. AE: 80%8min+20%2min, 30–60 min. Food intake, weight gain, biochemical profile, functional capacity, OS markers: carbonylation, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and gene expression of ECM components (collagens and metalloproteinases) in the soleus and EDL muscles were evaluated. Statistical analysis used parametric tests: Student's t, ANOVA/Tukey, MANOVA/Bonferroni or nonparametric: Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, (p<0.05). Results: MS was confirmed because it presented higher weight, blood glucose, blood pressure and triglycerides (p<0.05). MS reduced functional capacity and both exercise modalities improved physical performance between the pre- and post-training moments. The groups undergoing both types of training reduced weight, blood glucose, and blood pressure, while only aerobic exercise reduced % adiposity and triglycerides. The protocols reduced MDA and showed no change in carbonylation for both muscles evaluated. SOD levels increased in both exercise modalities in the soleus muscle, with no change in the EDL, and both muscles increased CAT only during resistance exercise. There were no changes in muscle gene expression. Conclusion: Both exercise modalities attenuated the effects of MS on muscles; aerobic exercise promoted greater benefits in functional capacity, and resistance exercise in redox balance for both muscles.